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be studied. (ii) Surveys of sylvatic vectors should show, for the endemic zones of each country, the type of contact between sylvatic vectors and man in both rural and wild biotopes. (iii) A complete map of the Stegomyia foci with an assessment of their potential epidemic risk (an analysis of the productivity of the sites depending on their type). (iv) Assessment of the immune status of the populations of the various ecosystems of each country, taking account of past or present vaccination strategies. There are several prevention strategies to choose from. The author advocates preparation of a scientifically based, subregional plan for optimum cost effectiveness.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS) A survey for haemagglutination-inhibiting antibody to West Nile virus in human and animal sera in Nigeria. Olaleye OD; Omilabu SA; Ilomechina EN; Fagbami AH Department of Virology, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Nigeria. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis (ENGLAND) 1990, 13 (1) p35-9, ISSN A survey for West Nile Virus (WNV) haemagglutination-inhibition (HI) antibody was carried out in humans and domestic animals. Human sera were collected from lbadan, while the animal sera were collected from both Ibadan and Maiduguri. Out of 304 human sera tested, 123 were positive (40%). There was a higher prevalence of HI antibody in adults than children. Sex distribution of positive sera showed that 37% of males and 43% of females had WNV I-H antibody. There was no significant difference in the prevalence of HI antibody in both sexes. On the 123 WNV HI positive sera tested, 104 (85%) and 78 (75%) had yellow fever and Potiskum HI antibody respectively. Monotypic WNV virus reactions were frequently found in children while polytypic reactions were frequently found in adults. A total of 200 animal sera were examined, 50 camels, 50 goats, 49 cattle and 51 sheep. The highest prevalence of HI antibody was found in camels (26%), followed by sheep (20%). Percentage of positive sera in other species were: goat (18%) and cattle (6%). Of the 3 5 WNV HI positive animal sera, 26 and 20% reacted with Yellow fever and Potiskum virus antigens respectively. Epidemic yellow fever caused by an incompetent mosquito vector. Miller BR; Monath TP; Tabachnick WJ; Ezike VI Division of Vector-Borne Viral Diseases, Centers for Disease Control, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Fort Collins, Colorado. Trop Med Parasitol (GERMANY, WEST) Dec 1989, 40 (4) p396-9, ISSN Arbovirus epidemics in a geographic region are believed to depend on the presence of susceptible or competent arthropod vectors. We demonstrate that an urban, Aedes aegypti-borne, epidemic of yellow fever occurred in 1987 although the mosquito vector was relatively resistant to infection and transmitted the virus inefficiently. Twenty-six percent of the experimental mosquitoes from the epidemic area that ingested yellow fever virus became infected and only 7% of these transmitted the virus. In contrast, 80% of an exotic susceptible strain of Ae. aegypti became infected and 43% were able to transmit. We also show that no other potential vectors were active during the epidemic and that the local Ae. aegypti were present in extremely large numbers. These results document, for the first time, that, in the presence of high population density an incompetent mosquito vector can initiate and maintain virus transmission resulting in an epidemic. Part I-29
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complement fixation reactions were found frequently in young people, but broadly reacting sera were common among the older age groups. Sex distribution of West Nile CF antibody showed that 49/82 (60%) of females and 62/88 (75%) of males had West Nile CF antibody. Tests on animal sera showed that 3 3 % contained CF antibody to West Nile virus. Prevalence of CF antibody in different animal species was 62% in camels, 4% in cattle and 0% in goats. Seroepidemiological survey for yellow fever antibodies in domestic animals. Adu F; Esan J; Baba SS Department of Virology, College of Medicine, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria. Rev Rouin Virol (ROMANIA) Jul-Dec 1990, 41 (3-4) p147-50, ISSN A total of 192 out of 300 serum samples from camel, cattle, sheep and goats tested for yellow fever virus antibody by the counterimmunoelectrophoresis were found positive. This test was confirmed by the single radial haemolysis and serum neutralization tests. Twenty-one and 36 sera were positive for specific yellow fever virus antibodies by the single radial haemolysis and serum neutralization tests respectively. The possible role of these animals in the epidemiology of yellow fever is discussed. [Yellow fever in Western Africa, 1973-1987. Observed facts–studies realized, campaign, prevention and forecast] La fievre jaune en Afrique occidentale, 1973-1987. Faits observes–etudes realisees, lutte, prevention et prevision. Cordellier R Institut francais de recherche scientifique pour le developpement en cooperation (ORSTOM), Bouake, Cote d lvoire. World Health Stat Q (SWITZERLAND) 1990, 43 (2) p52-67, ISSN 0379-8070 This global analysis of the situation is based on a review of notifications, observations and studies concerning yellow fever in 16 of 17 countries of the West African subregion (Algeria is not affected for the years 1973-1987). In view of this analysis and the epidemiological picture, the author proposes a plan of concerted action to confine yellow fever to its monkey-to-monkey cycle in the wild. Official notifications vary greatly from one country to the next. Any of five major causes could explain this: ecological and ethological conditions that favour circulation of the virus in the wild and man-to-man transmission to different extents; the immune status of the populations; the difficulty of diagnosing especially isolated cases; lack of means for investigation; and negligence. The quantity and gravity of human cases are systematically underestimated, sometimes to a great extent. Lack of resources and difficulty of diagnosis, but also in many instances the attitude of the population, can account for this. Modem means of investigation, faster intervention by specialists, and better knowledge of how the virus is transmitted, have shown recently an increasing gap between notifications and the actual situation. Research and monitoring programmes are particularly important. The programmes under way in Senegal and Cote d Ivoire have already resulted in considerable improvement in the action against epidemics. Because of these programmes, our knowledge of the very complex pattern of viral circulation is improving, thereby helping us develop systems for prevention and enabling us to forecast epidemics. Priority areas for study and research are: (i) Basic programmes for detailed study of all the topotypes of the virus, and identification of the viral amplification cycles that recur over several years. Such studies are under way in Senegal and Cote dIvoire. They would be particularly useful in Ghana and in Nigeria, where the taxonomy and bioecology of A. africanus s.l. should also Part I-28
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[The epidemiology of yellow fever in Western Africa] L epidemiologie de la fievre jaune en Afrique de l Ouest. Cordellier R Institut francais de Recherche scientifique pour le Developpernent en Cooperation (ORSTOM), Bouake, Cote d Ivoire. Bull World Health Organ (SWITZERLAND) 1991, 69 (1) p73-84, ISSN Observations made during the epidemics in Cote d Ivoire (1982), Burkina Faso (1983), Nigeria (1986 and 1987) and Mali (1987), together with studies conducted in the last 10 years, particularly in Cote d Ivoire, now make it possible, without calling into question the dynamics of yellow fever virus circulation in space and time, to redefine some features of the pattern suggested in 1977 and refined on a number of occasions up to 1983. The endemicity area is still the region of epizootic and enzootic sylvatic circulation, and contains the natural focus and the endemic emergence zone. –The natural focus is no longer confined to the forest alone, now that transovarial transmission has been demonstrated. –The endemic emergence zone is tending to become conterminous with the endemicity area on account of increasing deforestation. Emergence in forest regions, due to Aedes africanus, is still few and isolated, unlike that observed in savanna regions where A. furcifer is the major vector. The different behaviour of these two vectors and their population dynamics determine the quality of the man-vector contact and are responsible for these two patterns of emergence. –The emergence front limits the endemicity area in the north. Its position varies and depends on annual rainfall patterns. The epidernicity area, where the virus does not circulate before an epidemic and where the immunity status of unvaccinated populations is low, is geographically heterogeneous. It consists of regions to the north of the emergence front and of towns anywhere. It is characterized by high potentials for the development of A. aegypti populations. Only man can introduce the virus into this area. Three types of epidemic are distinguished, depending on the vectors: –Urban epidemics resulting from transmission by a domestic vector. These epidemics always occur within the epidernicity area, either in dry savanna (rural subtype) or in towns (urban subtype). The virus is introduced into the ecosystem by man. Transmission is always strictly interhuman. –Intermediate epidemics consist of two successive phases: first of all there is a series of endemic emergences, followed by interhuman transmission involving A. aegypti. These epidemics can only occur in the endemicity area. –Sylvatic epidemics occur in villages, but only involve the sylvatic vectors. They result from a conjunction of a very large number of emergences for which A. furcifer is almost always mainly responsible, and occur in the endemicity area, usually close to the emergence front. Transmission is never strictly interhuman, as the same vector populations are responsible for epizootic and epidemic transmission.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS) West Nile Complement Fixing antibodies in Nigerian domestic animals and humans. Omilabu SA; Olaleye OD; Aina Y; Fagbami AH Department of Virology, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Nigeria. J Hyg Epidemiol Microbiol Immunol (CZECHOSLOVAKIA) 1990, 34 (4) A survey for West Nile Complement Fixing (CF) antibody was carried out in humans and domestic animals in Nigeria. Human sera were obtained from two communities namely Ibadan and Ogbomoso but animal sera were collected from Ibadan and Maiduguri. The overall CF antibody to West Nile virus in the two localities surveyed was 65%. Of 170 persons tested, 53% and 75% were positive in Ibadan and Ogbomoso respectively. Antibody prevalence increased with age in both communities. Tests for antibody against other flaviviruses revealed that monotypic Part I-27

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diseases around human dwellings indicates an intense man-vector contact creating a high level risk to the crowded urban population. The public health implications of this urbanization/modernization problem and solutions are discussed. First record of breeding populations of Aedes albopictus in continental Africa: implications for arboviral transmission. Savage HM; Ezike VI; Nwankwo AC; Spiegel R; Miller BR Division of Vector-Borne Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control, Ft. Collins, CO 80522. J Am Mosq Control Assoc (UNITED STATES) Mar 1992, 8 (1) p101-3, ISSN Eggs of Aedes albopictus were collected in oviposition cups from 3 forested areas of Delta State in south-central Nigeria during September 1991 as part of a post-yellow fever outbreak investigation. These eggs were shipped to the Centers for Disease Control in Colorado, where they were reared to the adult stage and identified. This is the first record of breeding populations of Ae. albopictus in continental Africa. Other taxa. reared from the same oviposition cups included Ae. aegypti, Ae. apicoargenteus, Ae. africanus, Ae. lilii and Ae. simpsoni subgroup. The introduction and establishment of Ae. albopictus in Africa may have important implications for transmission of indigenous arboviruses. Genetic selection of a flavivirus-refractory strain of the yellow fever mosquito Aedes aegypti. Miller BR; Mitchell CJ Medical Entomology-Ecology Branch, Centers for Disease Control, Fort Collins, Colorado. Am J Trop Med Hyg (UNITED STATES) Oct 1991, 45 (4) p399-407, ISSN Two inbred (isofemale) Aedes aegypti mosquito lines were derived that manifested a resistant or susceptible phenotype following ingestion of yellow fever virus; lack of virus movement from the midgut defined the resistant phenotype. Other flaviviruses, including dengue 1-4, Uganda S, and Zika, viruses behaved in a similar fashion in the two mosquito lines. Crosses between the two lines produced progeny that were of intermediate susceptibility, indicating codominance; F2 backcrosses to the parents yielded results consistent with a major controlling genetic locus and provide evidence of a second locus, capable of modulating the phenotype of the major gene. The rapid selection necessary to fix the susceptible and refractory phenotypes support the hypothesis of a single major controlling locus. Viral movement across the midgut is likely to be governed by a single major gene and modifying minor genes or a group of closely linked genes. These inbred mosquito lines will be useful in discovering the molecular basis for flavivirus resistance in Ae. aegypti. Aedes albopictus introduction into continental Africa, 1991. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep (UNITED STATES) Dec 6 1991, 40 (48) p836-8, From April 15 through July 20, 199 1, an epidemic of yellow fever (YF) occurred in Delta State, Nigeria. In September 199 1, as part of a follow-up investigation, mosquito oviposition cups were deployed in four rural communities with YF, all within a 24-kilometer radius of the principal town of Agbor. Based on findings from the follow-up investigation, this report documents the first record of breeding populations of Ae. albopictus–a competent YF virus vector–in continental Africa. Part I-26

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Wesselsbron virus antibody in domestic animals in Nigeria: retrospective and prospective studies. Baba SS; Fagbami AH; Ojeh CK; Olaleye OD; Omilabu. SA Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Parasitology, University of Maiduguri, Nigeria. New Microbiol (ITALY) Apr 1995, 18 (2) p151-62, ISSN 1121-7138 Retrospective and prospective serological surveys to determine the prevalence of Wesslsbron (WSL) virus infections in animal populations were carried out in different vegetational zones in Nigeria. Sera from 1,492 animals comprising 292 camels, 81 horses, 4 donkeys, 320 cattle, 235 sheep, 260 goats, 114 pigs, 101 dogs and 85 domestic fowls were assayed by haemagglutinationinhibition (HI) test for presence of antibodies to WSL virus and other flavivirus antigens: Yellow Fever (YF), Potiskum. (POT), Banzi (BAN), Uganda S (UGS) and West Nile (WN) viruses. Four hundred and eighty one (32%) of the total sera tested were positive for the presence of flavivirus antibodies. The prevalence rates among animals varied with species and vegetational zones of the country. The highest prevalence was noted in animals from a swamp forest zone and was higher among camels, horses, donkeys and sheep when compared with goats, pigs and fowls in different zones. Although monotypic reactions with WSL virus antigen were observed in positive sera, the majority of the WSL virus positive sera cross-reacted with more than two other flavivirus antigens. Serological cross-reactions were most extensive in WSL virus positive horse sera. A ten month sentinel survey among 28 cattle, 68 sheep and 30 goats revealed considerable activity of WSL virus in Nigeria. Of these, 11 cattle and 12 sheep showed antibody conversion to WSL virus antigen. None of the goats seroconverted. Although, there are no records of outbreak of WSL disease in Nigeria, this study revealed that WSL virus is actively circulating among livestock populations in this environment. Flavivirus nucleotide data are needed for final determination of genetic relatedness in this group of viruses. Yellow fever. Investigation of an epidemic in Imo State. Wkly Epiderniol Rec (SWITZERLAND) Apr 14 1995, 70 (15) p 107-10, ISSN 0049-8114 Journal Code: AVX Sustainable urban development and human health: septic tank as a major breeding habitat of mosquito vectors of human diseases in south-eastern Nigeria. Nwoke BE; Nduka FO; Okereke OM; Ehighibe OC Medical Entomology & Parasitology Unit, School of Biological Sciences, Abia (former Imo) State University, Okigwe, Nigeria. Appl Parasitol (GERMANY) Feb 1993, 34 (1) pl-10, ISSN 0943-0938 Septic tank mosquitoes in Abia State University Okigwe, south-eastem Nigeria were studied using exit traps between November 1988 and April 1989. The results were revealing and striking. Apart from the common septic tank mosquitoes, Culex p. quinquefasciatus, Cu. cinereus and Aedes aegypti, which have been previously commonly found breeding in ammonia and nitrate-rich waters of latrines and septic tanks, the other species, Cu. horridus, Cu. tigripes and Aedes vittatus, have not been commonly reported as colonizing septic tanks in Nigeria. Three out of these six mosquito species observed are vectors of human diseases: Aedes aegypti and Aedes vittatus are vectors of Yellow fever and Cu. p. quinquefasciatus is a potential vector of Bancroftian filariasis and a world-wide vector of various arboviruses. The fact that these mosquito vectors are able to breed in highly polluted waters of septic tanks during the harsh dry months when most surface water bodies are dry is epidemiologically important. The breeding of these mosquito vectors of human Part I-25

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BIBLIOGRAPHY ON WEST NILE, YELLOW FEVER, DENGUE IN NIGERIA [Problems posed by the spread of Aedes albopictus] Problemes poses par l expansion d Aedes albopictus. Rodhain F Unite d ecologie des systemes vectoriels, Institut Pasteur, Paris. Bull Soc Pathol Exot (FRANCE) 1996, 89 (2) p137-40; discussion 140-1, Ae. albopictus is originated from Asia, and is known as a natural vector of dengue in South-East Asia. Since about 10 years, Ae. albopictus has spread all around the world. It was introduced into the Americas: United States, Mexico, Brazil, Barbados and the dominican Republic; into some Pacific islands as Solomons, Fidji and Australia; into Africa in Nigeria; and finally into Europe: in Italy and Albany. These introductions were made primarily through imported tyres containing eggs and/or larvae of Ae. albopictus. The tyre international trade plays a significant role in the expansion of Ae. albopictus. Furthermore, this mosquito species has a broad ecological spectrum and found suitable conditions either into tropical and temperate countries. In some situations in the Americas, Ae. albopictus has displaced Ae. aegypti. The spread of Ae. albopictus is of great concern because it can experimentally transmit several arboviruses and filarial worms. (0 Refs.) Towards malaria control in Nigeria: a qualitative study on the population of mosquitoes. Wagbatsoma. VA; Ogbeide O Dept of Community Health, University of Benin, Nigeria. J R Soc Health (ENGLAND) Dec 1995, 115 (6) p363-5, ISSN 0264-0325 Malaria is still highly prevalent in many tropical countries and this disease can only survive in areas where mosquitoes and infected human populations are high. Relevant information on the species of mosquitoes, their habitats and their population are important in planning preventative strategies in the control of malaria, hence this study. Mosquito species and their habitats were investigated in both high and low density areas of Benin City, Edo State, Nigeria. The results showed that Culex pipiens fatigans, Aedes aegypti, Aedes albopictus, Anopheles gambiae and Culex trigripes were the commonest mosquitoes found in Benin City. Among the habitats studied, containers and gutters had the highest population of mosquitoes. The serious public health implications of these various species of mosquitoes is the possibility of outbreaks of infectious diseases like yellow fever, dengue, which some of these mosquitoes are known to transmit. Malaria, though endemic, is~ also important because of its associated high morbidity and mortality rates. This study provides some useful information on the habitats and species of mosquitoes found in Benin City. Follow-up studies are being carried out by the authors on quantitative studies on the population of these species of mosquitoes, the dissolved elements present in the different habitats that could promote or inhibit the breeding of mosquitoes, and KAP surveys on mosquitoes and malaria among the Benin populace. It is hoped that such comprehensive data would be very useful in planning effective preventative strategies in the control of malaria in Benin City. Part I-24

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New mosquito in Africa [letter] Grist NR Lancet (ENGLAND) May 30 1992, 339 (8805) p1363, ISSN 0140-6736 Experimental Wuchereria bancrofti infection of Culex quinquefasciatus and Aedes aegypti. Anosike JC; Onwuliri CO Medical Entomology and Parasitology Research Laboratory Department of Zoology, University of Jos, Nigeria. Angew Parasitol (GERMANY) Aug 1992, 33 (3) p139-42, ISSN 0003-3162 Laboratory-derived females of Culex quinquefasciatus and Aedes aegypti were experimentally infected with Wuchereria bancrofti by allowing the insects to feed on infected volunteers of known microfilariae density between 24.00 and 2.00 hours. Of the 240 mosquitoes used for the experiments only 67 (55.8%) of C. quinquefasciatus and 83 (69.2%) of the Ae.aegypti actually fed on the volunteers’ blood. After 16 days post-infection period, 50 (74.62%) of the engorged C. quinquefasciatus harboured infective L3 larval stages of W. bancrofti, while 16 (23.9%) and 1 (1.49%) harboured L2 and Ll pre-infective larval stages, respectively. On the other hand, no development to the L3 infective stage was observed in the engorged Ae.aegypti though 34 (40.96%) harboured L1 pre-infective stages of the parasite. Our results suggest that C.quinquefasciatus could be actively involved in the transmission of urban bancroftian filariasis in Nigeria. Part I-23
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Bancroftian filariasis in the Igwun basin, Nigeria: an epidemiological, parasitological, and clinical study in relation to the transmission dynamics. Udonsi X Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, University of Port Harcourt. Folia Parasitol (Praha) (CZECHOSLOVAKIA) 1988, 35 (2) p147-55, ISSN A 12-months study on bancroffian filariasis was carried out in the Igwun basin, Nigeria. A total of 1,418 individuals (768 males, and 650 females) were examined for microfilaremia and clinical filarial stigmata. There were 14.3% and 11.1% male and female point prevalence rates, respectively, and an overall prevalence of 12.8%. Prevalence rates and microfilarial density increased with age. The highest mff density of 35 mff/20 ml blood occurred in the 40-49 year old male individuals. Disease rates of 55.5 and 65.3% were recorded for males and females respectively. Chyluria (9.3% males, 16.7% females), hydrocele (17.8%), elephantiasis (15.9% males, 29.2% females), and enlarged groin glands (16.4% males, 19.4% females) were the major clinical signs, all associated with microfilaremia. Anopheles gambiae and Cules pipiens were the principal vectors. The estimated mean daily, weekly, and monthly per capita biting densities were 26, 16 1, and 753 respectively. The overall infection rate of mosquitoes was 22.3%, with a mean mff density of approximately 5 mff/mosquito. These vector parameters were indicative of active transmission in the area, and may be responsible for the high prevalence of infection, the diversity of clinical signs, and high morbidity rates. Bancroftian filariasis in the Igwun Basin, Nigeria. An epidemiological, parasitological, and clinical study in relation to the transmission dynamics. Udonsi X Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, University of Port Harcourt, Nigeria. Acta Trop (SWITZERLAND) Jun 1988, 45 (2) p171-9, ISSN 0001-706X A 12-month field and laboratory study was carried out to determine the epidemiology, clinical features, and transmission dynamics of bancroftian filariasis in the Igwun Basin, Nigeria. A total of 1,418 individuals (768 males, and 650 females) were examined for clinical signs of filariasis. 690 day provocative blood samples (DPS), and 728 night blood samples (NBS) were examined for microfilaremia. 14.3 % of males and 11.1 % of females were mf positive. 5.8% of DPS, and 19.5% of the NBS were mf positive. An overall microfilaria rate of 12.8% was recorded in the basin. Prevalence and microfilarial density increased with age. The highest average density of 35 mf/20 ml NBS occurred in the 40-59-year-old male individuals. The mean microfilarial density in DPS and NBS were 7.9 and 28.0 per 20 ml blood in males, respectively, and 6.2 and 20.0 per 20 ml DPS and NBS in females, respectively. Disease rates of 55.5% were recorded for males, and 68. 1 % for females. The clinical signs observed were: Chyluria (9. 1 % for males, 16.7% for females); hydrocele (15.5%); elephantiasis (15.5% in males, 29.2% in females); and enlarged groin glands (15.5% in males, 22.2% in females). All clinical signs were associated with microfilariae. Anopheles gambiae s.I., and Culex pipiens s.I. were the two mosquito vectors identified. The estimated mean annual biting rates were 5508 and 10448 for A. gambiae s.I. and C. pipiens s.I., respectively. Their respective mean infection rates were 21.7% for A. gambiae s.l. and 22.7% for C. pipiens s.I.; with microfilarial densities of 4.1 and 6.6.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) Part I-22

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level risk to the crowded urban population. The public health implications of this urbanization/modernization problem and solutions are discussed. Experimental Wuchereria bancrofti infection of Culex quinquefasciatus and Aedes aegypti. Anosike JC; Onwuliri CO Medical Entomology and Parasitology Research Laboratory Department of Zoology, University of Jos, Nigeria. Angew Parasitol (GERMANY) Aug 1992, 33 (3) p139-42, ISSN 0003-3162 Laboratory-derived females of Culex quinquefasciatus and Aedes aegypti were experimentally infected with Wuchereria bancrofti by allowing the insects to feed on infected volunteers of known microfilariae density between 24.00 and 2.00 hours. Of the 240 mosquitoes used for the experiments only 67 (55.8%) of C. quinquefasciatus and 83 (69.2%) of the Ae.aegypti actually fed on the volunteers’ blood. After 16 days post-infection period, 50 (74.62%) of the engorged C. quinquefasciatus harboured infective L3 larval stages of W. bancrofti, while 16 (23.9%) and 1 (1.49%) harboured L2 and Ll pre-infective larval stages, respectively. On the other hand, no development to the L3 infective stage was observed in the engorged Ae.aegypti though 34 (40.96%) harboured Ll pre-infective stages of the parasite. Our results suggest that C.quinquefasciatus could be actively involved in the transmission of urban bancroftian filariasis in Nigeria. Isolation and characterization of four new strains of Bacillus sphaericus from central Nigeria highly toxic to mosquito larvae. Orduz-Peralta S; Diaz T; Restrepo N; Rojas W; Yousten AA Biological Control Section, H.P.T.U., Medellin, Colombia. J Invertebr Pathol (UNITED STATES) Jul 1992, 60 (1) p107-8, ISSN Septic tank mosquitoes: competition between species in central Nigeria. Irving-Bell RJ; Okoli EI; Diyelong DY; Lyimo EO; Onyia OC Department of Zoology, University of Jos, Nigeria. Med Vet Entomol (ENGLAND) Jul 1987, 1 (3) p243-50, ISSN 0269-283X Exit traps, placed over the air vents of septic tanks, were used to examine species diversity and relative abundance of mosquitoes breeding in ammonia-rich waters of septic tanks. Of the six species found, Culex decens Theobald and Culex cinereus Theobald appeared to be competing successfully with Culex quinquefasciatus Say during the wet season but not during the long dry season. The seasonal timing of their displacement by Cx quinquefasciatus was variable and did not correlate well with climatic factors. The three other species present, generally during the wet season and early dry season, were Culex tigripes G. & C., Culex horridus Edwards and Aedes aegypt (L.). Experimental bucket ovitraps were used to assess preference towards covered (dark) septic tank water in comparison with sunlit septic tank water, covered and sunlit compost water. These were colonized by Cx quinquefasciatus, Cx decens, Ae. aegypti and Ae. vittatus Bigot. The covered septic tank water was more abundantly colonized by Cx quinquefasciatus and marginally so by the two Aedes species. Cx decens appeared to colonize the exposed compost water more readily in the dry season, but changed to the covered septic tank water in the wet season. The discussion centres around competition between these mosquitos species and concludes that it would be useful to know what environmental factors, or what aspects of competition, lead to severe natural reductions in the abundance of the major pest species Cx quinquefasciatus. Part I-21
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BIBLIOGRAPHY ON CULEX SPECIES IN NIGERIA Towards malaria control in Nigeria: a qualitative study on the population of mosquitoes. Wagbatsoma. VA; Ogbeide O Dept of Community Health, University of Benin, Nigeria. J R Soc Health (ENGLAND) Dec 1995, 115 (6) p363-5, ISSN 0264-0325 Malaria is still highly prevalent in many tropical countries and this disease can only survive in areas where mosquitoes and infected human populations are high. Relevant information on the species of mosquitoes, their habitats and their population are important in planning preventative strategies in the control of malaria, hence this study. Mosquito species and their habitats were investigated in both high and low density areas of Benin City, Edo State, Nigeria. The results showed that Culex pipiens fatigans, Aedes aegypti, Aedes albopictus, Anopheles gambiae and Culex trigripes were the commonest mosquitoes found in Benin City. Among the habitats studied, containers and gutters had the highest population of mosquitoes. The serious public health implications of these various species of mosquitoes is the possibility of outbreaks of infectious diseases like yellow fever, dengue, which some of these mosquitoes are known to transmit. Malaria, though endemic, is also important because of its associated high morbidity and mortality rates. This study provides some useful information on the habitats and species of mosquitoes found in Benin City. Follow-up studies are being carried out by the authors on quantitative studies on the population of these species of mosquitoes, the dissolved elements present in the different habitats that could promote or inhibit the breeding of mosquitoes, and KAP surveys on mosquitoes and malaria among the Benin populace. It is hoped that such comprehensive data would be very useful in planning effective preventative strategies in the control of malaria in Benin City. Sustainable urban development and human health: septic tank as a major breeding habitat of mosquito vectors of human diseases in south-eastern Nigeria. Nwoke BE; Nduka FO; Okereke OM; Ehighibe OC Medical Entomology & Parasitology Unit, School of Biological Sciences, Abia (former Imo) State University, Okigwe, Nigeria. Appl Parasitol (GERMANY) Feb 1993, 34 (1) pl-10, ISSN 0943-0938 Septic tank mosquitoes in Abia State Unive rsity Okigwe, south-eastern Nigeria were studied using exit traps between November 1988 and April 1989. The results were revealing and striking. Apart from the common septic tank mosquitoes, Culex p. quinquefasciatus, Cu. cinereus and Aedes aegypti, which have been previously commonly found breeding in ammonia and nitrate-rich waters of latrines and septic tanks, the other species, Cu. horridus, Cu. tigripes and Aedes vittatus, have not been commonly reported as colonizing septic tanks in Nigeria. Three out of these six mosquito species observed are vectors of human diseases: Aedes aegypti and Aedes vittatus are vectors of Yellow fever and Cu. p. quinquefasciatus is a potential vector of Bancroftian filariasis and a world-wide vector of various arboviruses. The fact that these mosquito vectors are able to breed in highly polluted waters of septic tanks during the harsh dry months when most surface water bodies are dry is epidemiologically important. The breeding of these mosquito vectors of human diseases around human dwellings indicates an intense man-vector contact creating a high Part I-20

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